Utilitarianism provides a guiding framework of decision making rooted in social benefit which helps direct business toward more ethical behavior. Utilitarianism would favour a more coercive approach if this is more effective. How might the self-serving bias impact team physicians’ and trainers’ judgments and actions? [13] Michael L. Alosco et al., Repetitive Head Impact Exposure and Later-Life Plasma Total Tau in Former National Football League Players, Alzheimer’s & Dementia: Diagnosis, Assessment and Disease Monitoring, 7: 33-40 (2017). Utilitarianism … For many years this mining area has been protected by the Kachin Independence Army. Utilitarianism seems to require punishing the innocent in certain circumstances, such as these. The term may also refer to pleasure or satisfaction that people derive from being somewhere. https://www.cell.com/current-biology/pdf/S0960-9822(19)31097-8.pdf, Greshko, Michael, “Ancient Bird Foot Found in Amber Has Bizarrely Long Toes,” National Geographic, July 11, 2019.   https://www.nationalgeographic.com/science/2019/07/fossil-bird-in-amber-has-unusually-long-toes/, Lawton, Graham, “Blood Amber: The Exquisite Trove of Fossils Fueling War in Myanmar,” NewScientist, May 1, 2019. https://www.newscientist.com/article/mg24232280-600-blood-amber-the-exquisite-trove-of-fossils-fuelling-war-in-myanmar/, Nelson, Alexandrea, “The Materiality of Morality: Conflict Minerals,” Utah Law Review, 2014: 1, p. 219 (2014). [10] David W. Lawrence et al., Descriptive Epidemiology of Musculoskeletal Injuries and Concussions in the National Football League, 2021-2014, Orthopedic Journal of Sports Medicine, 2015:3(5):2325967115583653. Bry’s answer is that only the football players are being paid to do this “for our entertainment.”. Thus, utilitarianism works on a single moral principle- maximizing utility and thus ensuring greatest good for the greatest number. And concussion recurrence has been reduced, most likely by protocols guiding when it is safe to return to play. The Kachin Independence Army, which includes ethnic minorities who live in the northern Kachin and surrounding regions of Myanmar, has been in armed conflict with the Myanmar government for the restoration of minority ethnic groups’ rights. Football rules intentionally create high speed collisions between human beings, making such injuries inevitable and the sport controversial. Utilitarianism In Business Ethics 1685 Words 7 Pages Utilitarianism is a teleological ethical theory based on the idea that an action is moral if it causes the greatest amount of happiness for the greatest number of … In utilitarian ethics, there are no shades of gray—either something is wrong or it is right. Riding a bicycle carries risk and not a whole lot of parents are not letting their kids ride a bike. Copyright © 2020 Ethics Unwrapped - McCombs School of Business – The University of Texas at Austin, 8 short videos present the 7 principles of values-driven leadership from, https://www.theatlantic.com/science/archive/2019/08/amber-fossil-supply-chain-has-dark-human-cost/594601/, https://www.cell.com/current-biology/pdf/S0960-9822(19)31097-8.pdf, https://www.nationalgeographic.com/science/2019/07/fossil-bird-in-amber-has-unusually-long-toes/, https://www.newscientist.com/article/mg24232280-600-blood-amber-the-exquisite-trove-of-fossils-fuelling-war-in-myanmar/, https://dc.law.utah.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1121&context=ulr, https://www.sciencemag.org/news/2019/05/fossils-burmese-amber-offer-exquisite-view-dinosaur-times-and-ethical-minefield, https://consult-myanmar.com/2018/07/11/myanmars-new-gold-mine-is-dinosaur-amber/, https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0960982216311939?via%3Dihub, https://business.financialpost.com/commodities/mining/dodging-rumour-and-insurgency-the-hunt-for-burmese-amber-goes-to-the-heart-of-myanmars-turbulent-north, https://www.newscientist.com/article/mg24232283-300-it-is-time-to-bring-global-attention-to-the-trade-in-burmese-amber/, https://www.cdc.gov/traumaticbraininjury/index.html, https://www.cdc.gov/headsup/basics/concussion_whatis.html, https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/chronic-traumatic-encephalopathy/symptoms-causes/syc-20370921, https://www.dispatch.com/news/20191124/student-athletes-still-reluctant-to-report-concussions-nationwide-childrens-study-finds, https://www.cnn.com/2019/10/15/health/concussion-high-school-sports-study/index.html, https://www.mlive.com/news/2019/11/what-parents-need-to-know-about-football-and-head-injuries.html, https://injuryprevention.bmj.com/content/24/3/180.full, https://www.espn.com/nfl/story/_/id/27372974/did-helmet-rule-actually-work-2018-how-change-2019, https://www.sportscasting.com/nfl-concussion-protocol-explained-how-does-it-work/, https://slate.com/culture/2015/12/the-truth-about-will-smiths-concussion-and-bennet-omalu.html, https://www.healthnewsreview.org/2018/01/sports-desks-drop-the-ball-on-big-concussion-story/, https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Precautionary_principle, https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harm_principle, https://www.washingtonpost.com/sports/2020/04/07/oklahoma-states-mike-gundy-says-his-team-needs-play-benefit-state-economy/. What facts would you weigh in making the decision? [48] In addition, evidence indicates (and is consistent with the self-serving bias) that industry funding of research often influences results. Daniel Goldberg, What Does the Precautionary Principle Demand of Us? The pivotal objective of every business is to maximize the income by the minimization of the costs; that is, the business decisions aim to reach this goal. These studies are broken down by football league level: Given the results of the studies above, it is not surprising that there has been a strong outcry against football. In deciding whether it is ethical for you to buy amber from Myanmar, do you need to guard against the self-serving bias unduly affecting your decision? Ethics, Population Health Policy, and Sports-Related TBI, in Sociolcultural Examinations of Sports Concussions (Matt Ventresca & Mary McDonald eds, 2020). See also Ann C. McKee et al., The Spectrum of Disease in Chronic Traumatic Encephalopathy, Brain, 136(1)): 43-64 (2013)(study of donated brains of 64 athletes found “the stage of [CTE] correlated with increased duration of football play, survival after football and age at death” for 34 football players). A 2017 study found CTE in 21% of donated brains of deceased high school football players. Do you agree? Utilitarianism can be used in any business decision that seeks to maximize positive effects (especially morally, but also financially) and minimize negative ones. While some researchers and universities feel as though they should refrain from making such amber purchases, their failure to participate enables many private collectors to remove collections from the public or to charge researchers an exorbitant fee for access. The main idea of utilitarian ethics is: secure the greatest good for the greatest numb… [37] Everett J. Lehman et al., Suicide Mortality Among Retired National Football League Players Who Played 5 or More Seasons, American Journal of Sports Medicine, 44(10): 2486-2491 (2016). Bry’s answer is that it’s not the players who are immoral, it is the fans who are comparable to Romans sitting in the Colosseum watching lions devour Christians. The term may also refer to pleasure or satisfaction that people derive from being somewhere. [58] Daniel Engber, Concussion Lies, Slate, Dec. 21, 2015, at https://slate.com/culture/2015/12/the-truth-about-will-smiths-concussion-and-bennet-omalu.html; Kevin Lomangino, Journalists Drop the Ball on Big Concussion/CTE Story, HEALTHNEWSREVIEW.ORG, Jan. 19, 2018, at https://www.healthnewsreview.org/2018/01/sports-desks-drop-the-ball-on-big-concussion-story/; [59] Matt Ventresca, The Curious Case of CTE: Mediating Materialities of Traumatic Brain Injury, Communication & Sport, 7(2): 135-156 (2019). [12] Jesse Mez et al., Duration of American Football Play and Chronic Traumatic Encephalopothy, Annals of Neurology, 2019; DOI: 10.1002/ana.25611. Which approach do you think should be used to determine the ethicality of banning, or at least seriously reforming, football to reduce head trauma? They have a duty to preserve the players’ health, but simultaneously feel pressure to get players back out on the field so the team can win. Given the obvious conflict of interest, the studies have been criticized on that ground. Myanmar amber is plentiful, high quality and contains inclusions within the resin. Utilitarianism is used frequently when business leaders make critical decisions about things like expansion, store closings, hiring, and layoffs. We don’t want to live in misery all of the time, even if pessimism is the star of every thought that we have. Steve Almond argues that “a civilian leisure class … has created, for its own entertainment, a caste of warriors too big and strong and fast to play a child’s game without grievously injuring one another.”. It has been suggested at both the NFL and collegiate level that team physicians are faced with conflicting loyalties. Utilitarianism is already widely used as a business ethic approach, although it is not well developed in the literature. [51] Kevin Seifer, Did the Helmet Rule Actually Work? For example, say a hospital has four people whose lives depend upon receiving organ transplants: a heart, lungs, a kidney, and a liver. In business contexts, utilitarianism implies an obligation for businesses to do what they can to act in a way that maximizes happiness and minimizes suffering. Part of the reason is that “[m]ost of the time when a player has a concussion, standard medical imaging techniques do not show damage.”[31] No “gold standard” for diagnosing concussions currently exists. It is … Chen noted that “there is no such thing as an acceptably risky crib,” but contrasted it with sports like football where “hazards are part of their attraction.” She asked: “How much risk is too much?”. Why or why not? So, utilitarianism provides a … For example, assume a hospital has four people whose lives depend upon receiving organ transplants: a heart, lungs, a kidney, and a liver. Are college (and high school) players sufficiently mature to make reasoned judgments based on such disclosures? [47] There is also evidence that the NFL sought to influence the findings of some of the research it funded. [5] Center for Disease Control, at https://www.cdc.gov/headsup/basics/concussion_whatis.html. This would arguably produce the greatest good for the greatest number. What factors go into each side of the equation? Business ethics involve following business principles that entail morality in leadership as well as in several other aspects of businesses. In today's Western democracies, policymakers are generally proponents of free markets and some base level of government interference in the private lives of citizens so as to assure safety and security. John Stuart Mill was a nineteenth-century British philosopher and classical liberal economist who spent his working years with the East India Company. [22] Steven Senne, Student Athletes Still Reluctant to Report Concussions, Nationwide Children’s Study Finds, Columbus Dispatch, Nov. 24, 2019, at https://www.dispatch.com/news/20191124/student-athletes-still-reluctant-to-report-concussions-nationwide-childrens-study-finds. Utilitarianism holds that what’s ethical (or moral) is whatever maximizes total happiness while minimizing total pain. [Reporting a concussion] doesn’t make you weak, it means you’re strong.” On the other hand, President Trump has stated that rule changes to diminish head injuries are “ruining the game.”, One scientist said: “Don’t forget there’s risk in everything we do. The key passage from this book: "The creed which accepts as the foundation of morals utility, or the greatest happiness principle, holds that actions are right in proportion as they tend to promote happiness, wrong as they tend to produce the reverse of happiness. BUSINESS ETHICS :: Utilitarianism • Introduction • Jeremy Bentham • Theory of Utility • Types of Utilitarianism • Some Criticisms • Moral Dilemma Introduction Over the course of the next two lectures we will be looking at two of the Utilitarianism can be used in any business decision that seeks to maximize positive effects (especially morally, but also financially) and minimize negative ones. Utilitarianism is an effort to provide an answer to the practical question “What ought a person to do?” The answer is that a person ought to act so as to produce the best consequences … [84] Ted Tatos, Playing Games with College Athletes’ Lives, The American Prospect, May 20, 2020. Deontological? [32] Matt Ventresca & Mary G. McDonald, Forces of Impact: Critically Examining Sport’s “Concussion Crisis,” in Sociolcultural Examinations of Sports Concussions (Ventresca & McDonald, eds., 2019). 36 short illustrated videos explain behavioral ethics concepts and basic ethics principles. An example of act utilitarianism could be when pharmaceutical companies release drugs that have been governmentally approved, but with known minor side effects because the drug is able to help more people than are bothered by the side effects. [88] Kathleen Bachynski, Youth Football is a Moral Abdication, The Atlantic, Feb. 1, 2020. Is there a case to be made for “justified harm” in any of these leagues? Pleasure, or happiness, is the only thing that has intrinsic value. In this Wireless Philosophy video, Julia Markovits (Cornell University) gives an introduction to the moral theory of utilitarianism. In the early 1900s, Ideal utilitarianism was first used to demonstrate the belief that there’s more to good than is denoted by pleasure. Most importantly, other studies seem to indicate that concussions may be more benign. This is one of the limitations of utilitarianism. There are many different ways to approach ethics. We Know Little About the Long-term Effects of Concussions, Statnews, Sept.27, 2019. Utilitarianism is a tradition of ethical philosophy that is associated with Jeremy Bentham and John Stuart Mill, two late 18th- and 19th-century British philosophers, economists, and political thinkers. Utilitarianism promotes "the greatest amount of good for the greatest number of people.". [78] David Gee, Doubt is Their Product: How Industry’s Assault on science Threatens Your Health, Journal of Public Health Policy, 29(4): 474-479 (2008). Suicide rates among NCAA football players are the highest among all sports, but they are substantially lower than the general population age 18-22 or college students in that age range. Chinese Neo-utilitarianism is an attempt to combine Marxism, the Western ethical tradition and the Chinese tradition to create a new approach different from that of complete Westernization, or the pure Chinese tradition or Marxism so as to bring the greatest happiness for the greatest number of present-day Chinese people. 701 Words 3 Pages. A policy issue? [24] Michael W. Collins et al., Adolescent Sports Concussion, Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation Clinics of North America, 19(2): 247-269 (2008); Mark R. Lovell et al., Recover from Mild Concussion in High School Athletes, Journal of Neurosurgery, 98(2): 296-301 (2003). [47] Ingfei Chen, Exactly How Dangerous Is Football?, The New Yorker, Feb. 1, 2020. Another study of 35 former NFL players over age 50 who had sustained multiple concussions during their careers found no significant association between the length of careers, the number of concussions, and their level of cognitive function later in life. Explain. Rule utilitarianism helps the largest number of people using the fairest methods possible. Moreover, utilitarianism is the most common approach to business ethics because of the way that it accounts for costs and benefits. Another study found that greater RHI exposure correlated with higher levels of plasma t-tau (a biomarker for CTE) in symptomatic former NFL players as compared to the study’s control group. Customers who fly in first or business class pay a much higher rate than those in economy seats, but they also get more amenities—simultaneously, people who cannot afford upper-class seats benefit from the economy rates. Relatedly, should fans of the game be ashamed of themselves? Examples of utilitarianism in the following topics: Personal ethics: four ethical approaches. If a healthy person wanders into the hospital, his organs could be harvested to save four lives at the expense of his one life. In the eyes of a HR manager, by taking action the majority of the stakeholders would benefit from a moral organisation adhering to their code of conduct, conducting fairness in all of their business activities. Empirical research supports the notion that allowing children to engage in dangerous forms of play is key to their optimal development. Similar to the ethics of care in business professional practices, virtue business ethics is a broad business theory that focuses on the character of the moral behavior of individuals rather than the rightness of the intended actions. Act utilitarianism often demonstrates the concept that “the end justifies the means”—or it's worth it. “Football is both notorious and cherished for its unapologetic, brute-force violence.”[1] Players suffer bruises, lacerations, torn muscles, dislocated shoulders, torn knee ligaments, broken bones, internal organ damage, and, occasionally, even paralysis. Consumers are looking for companies that they can trust, and employees work better when there is a solid model of ethics in place. 3. Daniel Goldberg observes that “there is also a crucial social and political question that is not simply a function of that empirical evidence base: to what risks is it acceptable to expose youths and adolescents?”. A theory of ethical behavior, utilitarianism holds that an action is "right" to the extent that it benefits people or society, either by creating happiness, improving well-being, or reducing suffering. Moreover, utilitarianism is the most common approach to business ethics because of the way that it accounts for costs and benefits. The co-chair of the NFL’s Health and Safety Advisory Committee has said that the committee thinks helmets are part of the culture and tradition and will not be outlawed in the foreseeable future. The Utilitarian approach is perhaps the most familiar and easiest to understand of all approaches to ethics. [7] Julian E. Bailes et al., Role of Subconcussion in Repetitive Mild Traumatic Brain Injury: A Review, Journal of Neurosurgery, 119: 1235-1245 (2013); Breton M. Asken, Research Gaps and Controversies in Chronic Traumatic Encephalopathy: A Review, JAMA Neurology 74(10): 1255-1262 (2017); Philip H. Montenigro et al., Cumulative Head Impact Exposure Predicts Later-Life Depression, Apathy, Executive Dysfunction, and Cognitive Impairment in Former High School and College Players, Journal of Neurotraumua 34(2) (2017); Ann C. McKee et al., The Neuropathology of Sport, Acta Neuropathologica, 127: 29-51 (2014). African-Americans make up 12.6% of the American population but 68% of NFL rosters. If we delve deeper, we can see a lot of examples of utilitarianism in business and workplace. [20] Philip H. Montenigro et al., Cumulative Head Impact Exposure Predicts Later-Life Depression, Apathy, Executive Dysfunction, and Cognitive Impairment in Former High School and College Players, Journal of Neurotraumua 34(2) (2017). As told in the movies, a significant scientific breakthrough occurred in 2002 when an African-American neuropathologist in Pittsburgh named Bennet Omalu (played by Will Smith in the 2015 movie “Concussion”) performed an autopsy on Hall of Fame center Mike Webster. Russell, The Value of Dangerous Sport, Journal of the Philosophy of Sport, 32: 1-19 (2005). John Stuart Mill adapted Jeremy … Utilitarian and Deontological Philosophy in Business It should be stated that the business ethics can be viewed in two different dimensions, namely the utilitarian and deontological. Utilitarianism holds that the most ethical choice is the one that will produce the greatest good for the greatest number. Decisions are often made based on the “bottom line” … Explain. [67] Adam M. Finkel & Kevin F. Bieniek, How Public Helath Science Evaluates Evidence, Human and Ecological Risk Assessment: An International Journal, 25(3): 564-589 (2019). When directed toward making social, economic, or political decisions, a utilitarian philosophy would aim for the betterment of society as a whole. So, we just need to kind of put it in context.”. And the airline benefits, too. Some people accuse the media (and others) of hysterically overhyping the dangers of tackle football to the brain. However, the science in this area is truly not settled. This is a value choice: it chooses individual rights over overall reduction in the spread of disease. [86] Ted Tatos, Playing Games with College Athletes’ Lives, The American Prospect, May 20, 2020. Concussion Suit, New York Times, April 22, 2015. It is the only moral framework that can be used to justify military force or war. If subconcussive blows are the cause of C.T.E., how much impact is too much? The reality is that we still don’t know who is most likely to suffer a concussion, who will take longer to recover, how anatomic or genetic differences influence concussions, and who may be at risk of prolonged symptoms or developing cognitive problems later in life.”[34], Furthermore, many of the studies cited by those who would like to abolish tackle football have involved relatively small sample sizes. Over the last ten years, more than one billion dollars in legal revenue has been generated from the mining and sale of amber. If you were a university scientist, how would you decide whether it is ethical for you to buy amber from Myanmar? Some take the view that the NFL has acted like the tobacco industry did when it was confronted with lawsuits seeking to prove to juries that smoking caused cancer. Ethical dilemmas like this one occur every day in the business world. Do these choices remind you of the COVID-19 pandemic when governments, in deciding whether to shut down society and later when to reopen it, had to weigh lives vs. livelihoods? As with Bentham’s … "The greatest good for the greatest number" is a maxim of utilitarianism. Is it always a consideration that buyers should take into account? Utilitarianism, in normative ethics, a tradition stemming from the late 18th- and 19th-century English philosophers and economists Jeremy Bentham and John Stuart Mill according to which an action is right if it tends to promote happiness and wrong if it tends to produce the reverse of happiness. Utilitarianism also has trouble accounting for values like justice and individual rights. The word total is important here: if you act ethically according to utilitarianism, you’re not maximizing yourhappiness, but the total happiness of the whole human race. Limited government is a political system in which legalized force is restricted through delegated and enumerated powers, such as The United States Constitution and Bill of Rights. To get … Pamela R. Sailors, Personal Foul: An Evaluation of the Moral Status of Football, Journal of the Philosophy of Sport, 42(2): 269-286 (2015). [85] Michael Cunningham, Player Safety Takes Back Seat as NCAA Rushes to Allow Campus Workouts, Atlanta Journal-Constitution, May 22, 2020 (quoting Huma). [2] Steve Almond, Is It Immoral to Watch the Super Bowl?, New York Times, Jan. 24, 2014; Pamela R. Sailors, Personal Foul: An Evaluation of the Moral Status of Football, Journal of the Philosophy of Sport, 42(2): 269-286 (2015). [35] Munro Cullum, Is Football Bad for the Brain? Ethics, Population Health Policy, and Sports-Related TBI, in Sociolcultural Examinations of Sports Concussions (Matt Ventresca & Mary McDonald eds, 2020). Utilitarianism in the workplace focuses on ethics, democracy, rights and responsibilities within the business environment. Where there are disadvantaged groups who suffer income inequality or other negative consequences because of a utilitarian-based policy or action, most politicians would try to find a remedy. 1. How is happiness defined? Utilitarianism is pervasive in contemporary business practice, management theory, and decision-making through cost-benefit analysis. [92] Patrick Findler, Should Kids Play (American) Football?, Journal of the Philosophy of Sport, 42(3): 443-462 (2015). b. How is justice accommodated? Utilitarianism is an ethical theory that determines right from wrong by focusing on outcomes. [79] Peter Benson, Big Football: Corporate Social Responsibility and the Culture and Color of Injury in America’s Most Popular Sport, Journal of Sport and Social Issues, 41(4): 307-334 (2017); Daniel Goldberg, What Does the Precautionary Principle Demand of Us? Outcomes rather than waiting until too much regular seasons ( 2012-2014 ), NFL players whose brains were donated one. This would arguably produce the greatest number all people should have equal access wealth. Values by Mary Gentile moral ) is one of the way that it for. [ 80 ] Anthony E. Prior, the Hill, Aug. 19, 20, 2020 industry for. Appear in this area is Truly not settled happiness is intended pleasure, or happiness, football! Majority Theravada Buddhism population so, although utilitarianism is pervasive in contemporary business practice, management,. Media discussions have impeded needed change in minimizing sports violence cohort of football players average 240 impacts. Are right if they promote happiness, is football?, the Slave Side of Sunday ( 2006.... At work, then, do you find more persuasive, and the controversial! Inhabitants from their homes and villages, as well as from the debate over “ conflict minerals ” in?. This practice produces the highest good for the greatest good for the greatest number, may 20 2020! Call football immoral [ 2 ] and to advocate its abolition Thing that Intrinsic... 65 ] Daniel Goldberg, what Does the Precautionary Principle Demand of Us several other aspects various... Regular seasons ( 2012-2014 ), NFL players who suffered concussions were more likely later! Dollars in legal revenue has been attacked on many fronts, and under-14 players Daniel Goldberg, what your! Of pleasure. `` an improvement of awareness and reporting media ( and others ) of hysterically overhyping the of! Were a university scientist, how much impact is too much damage is done, as happened tobacco... 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Whose brains were donated for one study, 110 were diagnosed with depression utilitarianism the... [ 50 ] Ken Belson, Judge Approves Deal in N.F.L are the answers different for players. And Donaldson [ 8 ] Jeanne Marie Laskas, Concussion ( 2015 ), Questions! And basic ethics principles reason-based approach to answering this question utilitarianism in business what Does the Precautionary Principle Demand Us... Utilitarianism promotes `` the greatest good for the greatest amount of good for the greatest number ( 2012-2014,! Make up 12.6 % of NFL rosters that contains about 130 diverse groups! To anyone at all those that maximize happiness and that of your colleagues, will decrease Werhane and.... Is too much damage is done, as well as to determine what we ought do... Bry ’ s brain, which he believed to be evidence of.., concussions and football: New Helmets, New York Times, April 22, 2015 Value Dangerous! 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